Sort of - If there is enough tire and brake clearance, yes. But beware the rear axle spacing. My cyclocross bike uses 135mm axle so it will work, but I think 10+ spd road uses 130mm. Otherwise, sometimes on a steel frame you can flex the rear enough to make it work. http://www.sheldonbrown.com/frame-spacing.html
Thanks @arthur666. I am asking as I have ordered a cyclocross bike today and I am not entirely sure if the wheels will hold my weight (for the time being of course ) and in case of emergency I wanted to port over my MTB wheels instead.
I would hope any stock wheels would hold just about anyone. Especially on a cyclocross. You're not small, but you're not Andre the Giant. But yes, it can be handy to have a backup set of wheels. I have the stock wheels from my All-City, and I can throw them on my mountain bike if I swap the disc rotors and cassette. Then adjust the brake calipers to line-up better. Turns the Krampus into some sort of weird hybrid with stupid-wide handlebars. What did you get?
I am trying to keep it a secret until the package arrives so I can post a picture but I don't think it's hard to guess